A vent is required to drain the left side of the heart for blood draining through the bronchial and thebesian veins.Īn arterial cannula is usually inserted into the ascending aorta. Transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) helps in the assessment of its proper placement. ![]() Vacuum applied to the reservoir allows the use of smaller cannulae and tubing, thus decreasing the circuit volume.Īn alternative site for cannulation is via the femoral vein in minimally invasive or redo surgeries, where a long cannula is inserted up to the right atrium. ![]() Dual-stage cannulae are used for most closed-heart procedures, where a single cannula is inserted into the right atrium. Venous cannulae: single-stage cannulae are used during most open-heart surgeries, where two cannulae are inserted into the superior and inferior vena cava and joined by a Y-piece. They are made of polyvinylchloride (PVC) and are wire reinforced to prevent obstruction due to kinking. ![]() Cannulae connect the patient to the circuit and hence to the CPB machine.
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